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typeset [ {+|-}AHUaghlmprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZi [ n ] ]
[ + ] [ name[=value] ... ]
typeset -T [ {+|-}Uglprux ] [ {+|-}LRZ [ n ] ]
[ + | SCALAR[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
typeset -f [ {+|-}TUkmtuz ] [ + ] [ name ... ]
Set or display attributes and values for shell parameters.
A parameter is created for each name that does not already refer
to one. When inside a function, a new parameter is created for
every name (even those that already exist), and is unset again
when the function completes. See `Local Parameters' in zsh-
param(1). The same rules apply to special shell parameters,
which retain their special attributes when made local.
For each name=value assignment, the parameter name is set to
value. All forms of the command handle scalar assignment.
If any of the reserved words declare, export, float, integer,
local, readonly or typeset is matched when the line is parsed
(N.B. not when it is executed) the shell will try to parse argu-
ments as assignments, except that the `+=' syntax and the
GLOB_ASSIGN option are not supported. This has two major dif-
ferences from normal command line argument parsing: array
assignment is possible, and scalar values after = are not split
further into words even if expanded (regardless of the setting
of the KSH_TYPESET option; this option is obsolete). Here is an
example:
# Reserved word parsing
typeset svar=$(echo one word) avar=(several words)
The above creates a scalar parameter svar and an array parameter
avar as if the assignments had been
svar="one word"
avar=(several words)
On the other hand:
# Normal builtin interface
builtin typeset svar=$(echo two words)
The builtin keyword causes the above to use the standard builtin
interface to typeset in which argument parsing is perfomed in
the same way as for other commands. This example creates a
scalar svar containing the value two and another scalar parame-
ter words with no value. An array value in this case would
either cause an error or be treated as an obscure set of glob
qualifiers.
Arbitrary arguments are allowed if they take the form of assign-
ments after command line expansion; however, these only perform
scalar assignment:
var='svar=val'
typeset $var
The above sets the scalar parameter svar to the value val.
Parentheses around the value within var would not cause array
assignment as they will be treated as ordinary characters when
$var is substituted. Any non-trivial expansion in the name part
of the assignment causes the argument to be treated in this
fashion:
typeset {var1,var2,var3}=name
The above syntax is valid, and has the expected effect of set-
ting the three parameters to the same value, but the command
line is parsed as a set of three normal command line arguments
to typeset after expansion. Hence it is not possible to assign
to multiple arrays by this means.
Note that each interface to any of the commands my be disabled
separately. For example, `disable -r typeset' disables the
reserved word interface to typeset, exposing the builtin inter-
face, while `disable typeset' disables the builtin.
If the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not set, for each remain-
ing name that refers to a parameter that is already set, the
name and value of the parameter are printed in the form of an
assignment. Nothing is printed for newly-created parameters, or
when any attribute flags listed below are given along with the
name. Using `+' instead of minus to introduce an attribute
turns it off.
If no name is present, the names and values of all parameters
are printed. In this case the attribute flags restrict the dis-
play to only those parameters that have the specified
attributes, and using `+' rather than `-' to introduce the flag
suppresses printing of the values of parameters when there is no
parameter name.
If no attribute flags are given, and either no name arguments
are present or the flag +m is used, then each parameter name
printed is preceded by a list of the attributes of that parame-
ter (array, association, exported, float, integer, readonly, or
undefined for autoloaded parameters not yet loaded). If +m is
used with attribute flags, and all those flags are introduced
with +, the matching parameter names are printed but their val-
ues are not.
The following control flags change the behavior of typeset:
+ If `+' appears by itself in a separate word as the last
option, then the names of all parameters (functions with
-f) are printed, but the values (function bodies) are
not. No name arguments may appear, and it is an error
for any other options to follow `+'. The effect of `+'
is as if all attribute flags which precede it were given
with a `+' prefix. For example, `typeset -U +' is equiv-
alent to `typeset +U' and displays the names of all
arrays having the uniqueness attribute, whereas `typeset
-f -U +' displays the names of all autoloadable func-
tions. If + is the only option, then type information
(array, readonly, etc.) is also printed for each parame-
ter, in the same manner as `typeset +m "*"'.
-g The -g (global) means that any resulting parameter will
not be restricted to local scope. Note that this does
not necessarily mean that the parameter will be global,
as the flag will apply to any existing parameter (even if
unset) from an enclosing function. This flag does not
affect the parameter after creation, hence it has no
effect when listing existing parameters, nor does the
flag +g have any effect except in combination with -m
(see below).
-m If the -m flag is given the name arguments are taken as
patterns (use quoting to prevent these from being inter-
preted as file patterns). With no attribute flags, all
parameters (or functions with the -f flag) with matching
names are printed (the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not
used in this case).
If the +g flag is combined with -m, a new local parameter
is created for every matching parameter that is not
already local. Otherwise -m applies all other flags or
assignments to the existing parameters.
Except when assignments are made with name=value, using
+m forces the matching parameters and their attributes to
be printed, even inside a function. Note that -m is
ignored if no patterns are given, so `typeset -m' dis-
plays attributes but `typeset -a +m' does not.
-p If the -p option is given, parameters and values are
printed in the form of a typeset command and an assign-
ment (which will be printed separately for arrays and
associative arrays), regardless of other flags and
options. Note that the -H flag on parameters is
respected; no value will be shown for these parameters.
As the intention of this option is to produce output that
can restore the current state, readonly specials (whose
values cannot be changed) are not shown and assignments
to arrays are shown before the typeset rendering the
array readonly.
-T [ scalar[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see
below. Otherwise the -T option requires zero, two, or
three arguments to be present. With no arguments, the
list of parameters created in this fashion is shown.
With two or three arguments, the first two are the name
of a scalar and of an array parameter (in that order)
that will be tied together in the manner of $PATH and
$path. The optional third argument is a single-character
separator which will be used to join the elements of the
array to form the scalar; if absent, a colon is used, as
with $PATH. Only the first character of the separator is
significant; any remaining characters are ignored.
Multibyte characters are not yet supported.
Only one of the scalar and array parameters may be
assigned an initial value (the restrictions on assignment
forms described above also apply).
Both the scalar and the array may be manipulated as nor-
mal. If one is unset, the other will automatically be
unset too. There is no way of untying the variables
without unsetting them, nor of converting the type of one
of them with another typeset command; +T does not work,
assigning an array to scalar is an error, and assigning a
scalar to array sets it to be a single-element array.
Note that both `typeset -xT ...' and `export -T ...'
work, but only the scalar will be marked for export.
Setting the value using the scalar version causes a split
on all separators (which cannot be quoted). It is possi-
ble to apply -T to two previously tied variables but with
a different separator character, in which case the vari-
ables remain joined as before but the separator is
changed.
Attribute flags that transform the final value (-L, -R, -Z, -l,
-u) are only applied to the expanded value at the point of a
parameter expansion expression using `$'. They are not applied
when a parameter is retrieved internally by the shell for any
purpose.
The following attribute flags may be specified:
-A The names refer to associative array parameters; see
`Array Parameters' in zshparam(1).
-L [ n ]
Left justify and remove leading blanks from the value
when the parameter is expanded. If n is nonzero, it
defines the width of the field. If n is zero, the width
is determined by the width of the value of the first
assignment. In the case of numeric parameters, the
length of the complete value assigned to the parameter is
used to determine the width, not the value that would be
output.
The width is the count of characters, which may be multi-
byte characters if the MULTIBYTE option is in effect.
Note that the screen width of the character is not taken
into account; if this is required, use padding with
parameter expansion flags ${(ml...)...} as described in
`Parameter Expansion Flags' in zshexpn(1).
When the parameter is expanded, it is filled on the right
with blanks or truncated if necessary to fit the field.
Note truncation can lead to unexpected results with
numeric parameters. Leading zeros are removed if the -Z
flag is also set.
-R [ n ]
Similar to -L, except that right justification is used;
when the parameter is expanded, the field is left filled
with blanks or truncated from the end. May not be com-
bined with the -Z flag.
-U For arrays (but not for associative arrays), keep only
the first occurrence of each duplicated value. This may
also be set for colon-separated special parameters like
PATH or FIGNORE, etc. This flag has a different meaning
when used with -f; see below.
-Z [ n ]
Specially handled if set along with the -L flag. Other-
wise, similar to -R, except that leading zeros are used
for padding instead of blanks if the first non-blank
character is a digit. Numeric parameters are specially
handled: they are always eligible for padding with
zeroes, and the zeroes are inserted at an appropriate
place in the output.
-a The names refer to array parameters. An array parameter
may be created this way, but it may not be assigned to in
the typeset statement. When displaying, both normal and
associative arrays are shown.
-f The names refer to functions rather than parameters. No
assignments can be made, and the only other valid flags
are -t, -T, -k, -u, -U and -z. The flag -t turns on exe-
cution tracing for this function; the flag -T does the
same, but turns off tracing on any function called from
the present one, unless that function also has the -t or
-T flag. The -u and -U flags cause the function to be
marked for autoloading; -U also causes alias expansion to
be suppressed when the function is loaded. See the
description of the `autoload' builtin for details.
Note that the builtin functions provides the same basic
capabilities as typeset -f but gives access to a few
extra options.
-h Hide: only useful for special parameters (those marked
`<S>' in the table in zshparam(1)), and for local parame-
ters with the same name as a special parameter, though
harmless for others. A special parameter with this
attribute will not retain its special effect when made
local. Thus after `typeset -h PATH', a function contain-
ing `typeset PATH' will create an ordinary local parame-
ter without the usual behaviour of PATH. Alternatively,
the local parameter may itself be given this attribute;
hence inside a function `typeset -h PATH' creates an
ordinary local parameter and the special PATH parameter
is not altered in any way. It is also possible to create
a local parameter using `typeset +h special', where the
local copy of special will retain its special properties
regardless of having the -h attribute. Global special
parameters loaded from shell modules (currently those in
zsh/mapfile and zsh/parameter) are automatically given
the -h attribute to avoid name clashes.
-H Hide value: specifies that typeset will not display the
value of the parameter when listing parameters; the dis-
play for such parameters is always as if the `+' flag had
been given. Use of the parameter is in other respects
normal, and the option does not apply if the parameter is
specified by name, or by pattern with the -m option.
This is on by default for the parameters in the
zsh/parameter and zsh/mapfile modules. Note, however,
that unlike the -h flag this is also useful for non-spe-
cial parameters.
-i [ n ]
Use an internal integer representation. If n is nonzero
it defines the output arithmetic base, otherwise it is
determined by the first assignment. Bases from 2 to 36
inclusive are allowed.
-E [ n ]
Use an internal double-precision floating point represen-
tation. On output the variable will be converted to sci-
entific notation. If n is nonzero it defines the number
of significant figures to display; the default is ten.
-F [ n ]
Use an internal double-precision floating point represen-
tation. On output the variable will be converted to
fixed-point decimal notation. If n is nonzero it defines
the number of digits to display after the decimal point;
the default is ten.
-l Convert the result to lower case whenever the parameter
is expanded. The value is not converted when assigned.
-r The given names are marked readonly. Note that if name
is a special parameter, the readonly attribute can be
turned on, but cannot then be turned off.
If the POSIX_BUILTINS option is set, the readonly
attribute is more restrictive: unset variables can be
marked readonly and cannot then be set; furthermore, the
readonly attribute cannot be removed from any variable.
Note that in zsh (unlike other shells) it is still possi-
ble to create a local variable of the same name as this
is considered a different variable (though this variable,
too, can be marked readonly).
-t Tags the named parameters. Tags have no special meaning
to the shell. This flag has a different meaning when
used with -f; see above.
-u Convert the result to upper case whenever the parameter
is expanded. The value is not converted when assigned.
This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see
above.
-x Mark for automatic export to the environment of subse-
quently executed commands. If the option GLOBAL_EXPORT
is set, this implies the option -g, unless +g is also
explicitly given; in other words the parameter is not
made local to the enclosing function. This is for com-
patibility with previous versions of zsh.
declare
Same as typeset.
float [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZ [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
Equivalent to typeset -E, except that options irrelevant to
floating point numbers are not permitted.
integer [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}LRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
Equivalent to typeset -i, except that options irrelevant to
integers are not permitted.
local [ {+|-}AHUahlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
Same as typeset, except that the options -g, and -f are not per-
mitted. In this case the -x option does not force the use of
-g, i.e. exported variables will be local to functions.
readonly
Same as typeset -r.